Sukma Ayu Fadhila Ardianing, Septiana Purwaningrum, & Mu’awanah, M. (2026). The Dynamics of Islamic Education in the Nusantara during the Colonial Period and Its Relevance in the Modern Era. Al-Afkar, Journal For Islamic Studies, 9(3), 2485–2498. https://doi.org/10.31943/afkarjournal.v9i3.3557